1. International law: This is a set of established rules, treaties, judicial decisions and practices that guarantee and prescribe ways in which a nation should behave towards each other. The international community isolates any country that acts contrary to this.
2. International Court of Justice: This was established by the League of Nations in 1922 to settle disputes between the members states of the UN, for example the court resolved that the Ouzo strip belongs to Chad and this reduced the conflict between Libya and Chad in 1990. The also solved the following conflicts, Guinea-Bissau Vs Senegal over Maritime Boundary in 1991.
3. Bilateral negotiations: The parties involved in a conflict use diplomatic channels to begin with. The discussions can be at a level of cabinet ministers or heads of states. If possible a third party is involved. At the end a peace Accord is signed to end a long continued quarrel among themselves.
4. United Nations: This was formed to maintain international peace and security. Use of the UN peacekeeping forces helped in settlement of conflicts in the following countries, Israel, Former Yugoslavia, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Western Sahara and Liberia.
5. Disarmament: This is manifested by the talks for the limitation of arms as it is seen in the SALT talks. Also UN peacekeeping forces help in disarming armed groups such as The Iran-Iraq military Observer group, Iraq-Kuwait wars.
6. Regional organisations have been set up as part of their effort to settle conflicts between states for example Ecowas, SADC, and Comesa etc.
7. Arbitration: When two countries are in conflict they choose a neutral party in another country to arbitrate their conflict.
8. Non-Alignment: Developing countries refused to join either the eastern bloc or western in order to avoid the cold war conflict. They remained neutral through Non-aligned Movement.
9. Planning coups and change of governments to bring up personality who may favour peace. Some leaders are just assassinated to end conflicts. President Kabila of Congo was killed to end the crisis
10. Some countries intervene and resort to outright military confrontation, in order to remove warmongers for example Tanzania in Uganda, Vietnam in Cambodia, Turkey in Cyprus, Soviet Union in Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan, India in Sri Lanka.
11. Military alliance: This is where countries sign agreements of military co-operation such that in case one is attacked, the rest can help. Members of the alliance rarely fight each other.
12. Appeasement policy: In this arrangement, a state that happens to be an aggressor is ignored a bit so that it can get tired and give up.
13. Diplomatic relations: Strengthening diplomatic relations through appointment of ambassadors and High commissioners.
EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE CONFLICTS
· Wars break out leading to death of people.
· Destruction of property
· Emergence of refugee crisis
· Famine breaks out
· Poverty among people
· Less foreign exchange earned
· Foreign investors leave the country
· High expenditure on defence
· Inflation and scarcity of goods
· Fall of some governments
· Weaken regional organizations
· Foreign aid and its effects
· Breakdown of rule of law
· Destroys capital and infrastructure
· Creates unemployment
REFERENCES
Amin Idi Dada, The shaping of modern Uganda, Entebbe government Printer, 1976
No comments:
Post a Comment